COMPOUND WORDS IN SUWAWA LANGUAGE

: This study examines compound words in the Suwawa language, which involve the combination of two words to create new meanings and are commonly used in Suwawa conversations. The research focuses on two key aspects: (1) the forms of compound words in Suwawa and (2) the meaning of compound words in Suwawa. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, the study aims to elucidate the forms and meanings of compound words in Suwawa. Data were collected from Suwawa language speakers residing in Tingkohubu Timur village, Suwawa Subdistrict, utilizing data collection tables and employing interview, documentation, listening, and recording techniques. The data analysis involved presenting, reducing, and verifying the data to draw comprehensive conclusions. The findings reveal two significant outcomes. Firstly, the Suwawa language exhibits three forms of compound words: substantive subordinative, attributive subordinative, and coordinative compound words. Secondly, compound words in Suwawa convey three distinct meanings: noun, verb, and adjective compound words. This research sheds light on the structure and semantic aspects of compound words in the Suwawa language, contributing to a deeper understanding of Suwawa linguistics.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a country with 742 local languages, of which 737 are still alive or spoken by their speakers (Tondo, 2009).One of them is the Suwawa language spoken in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia.Its history shows Suwawa language is older than Gorontalo language, Atinggola language, and Bulango language in Gorontalo Province (Umar, 2017).
The 1945 Constitution Chapter XV Article 36 elaborates that "local languages that are still alive and used as a means of communication are fostered by the speaking community and are valued and maintained by the state because these languages are a living part of Indonesian culture".Each ethnic group in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia has its local language.Therefore, the local language is one of the important cultural assets to be developed for the development of the national language as a means of communication and a means of developing local culture (Djou et al., 2021).
The government issued Law Number 24 of 2009 concerning Flags, Languages, National Symbols, and the National Anthem, which regulates the importance of protecting, preserving, and fostering local languages.Law Number 24 of 2009 defines the local language as the language used for generations by Indonesian citizens in areas within the Territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.Therefore, the local language is likened to the identity of the Indonesian people, who have various ethnicities (Berlianty & Agustina, 2018).
Protection of local languages is based on the mandate of Article 32 Paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution, which states that the state respects and maintains local languages as national cultural assets.In this case, the state gives the opportunity and freedom to the people to preserve and develop their language as part of their culture.Government Regulation Number 57 of 2014 concerning development, guidance and protection of language and literature and enhancing the functions of the Indonesian language also explains that the local language has several vital functions, such as forming ethnic personality, strengthening local identity, and being a means of expressing and developing literature and local culture in Indonesia (Berlianty & Agustina, 2018).
Suwawa is located at the eastern tip of Gorontalo Province.This geographic ©2023 The Author(s).Published by TRANSBAHASA location has made the Suwawa language extinct and dominated by Gorontalo, Indonesian, and Manado languages.Suwawa language is the oldest local language tiyombu spoken by people in the Suwawa and Bone Pantai areas of Gorontalo Province since ancient times (around 300 BC) (Umar, 2017).This language is a means of daily communication by the people in the Suwawa area.This is evidenced by the use of the Suwawa language by traditional leaders, community leaders, and some family members, especially during traditional ceremonies of weddings, funerals, coronations, and receptions.
Along with the times, Suwawa language is rarely used, especially in families.The closest example is the researcher's status as a native of Suwawa but no longer communicates in the Suwawa language.Suwawa language speakers are decreasing every day.According to SIL in Firdaus (2018), the Suwawa language is spoken by no more than 5,000 speakers.It proves that the Suwawa language is spoken by most of the elderly (aged 40-70 years) and only a handful of young people, especially in Tingkohubu Timur Village, Suwawa Subdistrict, Bone Bolango Regency.
The Suwawa language is spoken in daily conversations by the Suwawa people.In the conversation there is the use of the words mongo lobuga 'old man', leda'a wulu 'big head', and tahato lima 'long arms'.These words are included in a compound word or a combination of two or more basic words that give rise to different meanings.As stated by Sutawijaya et al. (in Asnawi & Muhammad, 2018), a compound word is a combination of two or more basic words to form a new word.Meanwhile, Chaer (2015), explains that compound words are the result and process of combining basic morphemes (root forms or affixed forms) to accommodate a concept that cannot be accommodated in one word.
It is necessary to study compound words in the Suwawa language since, currently, the Suwawa language is only spoken among the elderly and is rarely used among adolescents.The study can educate the public to participate in documenting compound words in the Suwawa language to preserve the Suwawa language not to become extinct.
Compound words in Indonesian have been widely documented by linguists, while those in Suwawa have not been well documented until now.In fact, as the next generation, the Suwawa language is starting to become extinct among adolescents.Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia number 37 of 2018 concerning Core Competencies and Basic Competencies in the 2013 Curriculum in Basic Education and Secondary Education, compound words in Indonesian have been taught more at the elementary and high school levels and even in universities than compound words in the local languages or Suwawa language.In the family domain, adolescents who speak Suwawa only understand its meaning without realizing that some words they speak are compound words.

METHOD
The study employs a qualitative descriptive method.According to Mahsun (2006), qualitative studies focus on showing meaning and description and presenting data in words, not numbers.According to Rini (2018), the descriptive method aims to make a systematic, factual, and accurate description of the data and the properties and correlations of the phenomena studied.The data obtained are the forms and meanings of compound words in the Suwawa language originating from speakers of the Suwawa language in Tingkohubu Timur Village, Suwawa District.The study uses tables as data collection instruments, while data collection employs interview, documentation, listening, and recording techniques.Data were analyzed by presenting, reducing, verifying, and drawing ©2023 The Author(s).Published by TRANSBAHASA conclusions.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study managed to collect data related to the form and meaning of compound words in the Suwawa language which can be described as follows.

Forms of Compound Words in Suwawa Language
In terms of its formation, every discussion in the study of Indonesian morphology must have its own forms.Kridalaksana (2009), classifies compound words into 5 groups: (1) substantive subordinative compound words, which are called type A, (2) Attributive subordinating compound words (most of which can also function predicatively), called type B, (3) Coordinating compound words, called type C, (4) compound words with prolexemes, which are called type D, and (5) Synthetic compound words, called type E.
However, in the Suwawa language, only 3 forms are found: (1) substantive substantive compound words or type A, (2) attribute subordinating compound words or type B, and (3) coordinative compound words or type C. Forms of compound words in Suwawa language can be described as follows.

Type A: Substantive Subordinative Compound Words
Substantive subordinative compounds in Suwawa language consist of 11 subtypes: A1 'a is part of b', the order is partwhole; A3 'a is b-ized (di-b-kan)' or 'a is the result of b-ization (pe-b-an)', the order is objecttreatment; A4 'to do a using b', the order is action -tool; A5 'to do a by b', the order is action -way; A7 'a for b', the order is distinguished objectspurpose or goal; A8 'a is a place for b', the order is placeaction or circumstance; A9 'a is sourced from b', the order is resultssources; A12: 'a uses b', the order is object -tool), A13 'a rules over b', the order is the rulers -the ruled, A14 'b is in state a', the order is state -object; A17 'a happens when b', the order is eventtime.
The following are some examples of substantive substantive compound words or type A in Suwawa language from interviews with traditional stakeholders and several community members as informants.Wana'o Ohongia is a compound word resulting from a metaphorical combination of its components.In The Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language (KBBI), metaphor is the use of a word or group of words not with its true meaning but as an illustration based on similarities or comparisons.In wana'o ohongia, wana'o is the main part of ohongia because the word wana'o 'kid' in type A1 is the initial component or the main part.Thus, wana'o ohongia "nobleman" means a child of royal or noble descent.The compound word tumayango padango comes from the verb tumayango 'jump' and the noun padango 'rope'.As a compound word, it changes its meaning to a game of jumping rope which is very different from the meaning of its basic words.
The examples provided in the passage illustrate the usage of substantive subordinative compound words in the Suwawa language.These compound words demonstrate how combining different components can create new meanings that are distinct from the meanings of the individual components.The order of the components within the compound words is significant as it determines the semantic relationship between them and the resulting meaning of the compound.
Overall, the use of substantive subordinative compound words in the Suwawa language allows for precise expression and rich semantic nuances by combining different elements to convey specific relationships and meanings.
The following are some examples of attributive subordinative compound words or type B in Suwawa language from interviews with traditional stakeholders and several community members as informants.These examples show that compound word structure comes from nouns and adjectives.Adjectives are the main components that describe the main components.For example, in the compound word wulu modaho 'cool head', the predicative is modaho 'cool', which explains wulu 'head' and produces a new meaning: someone who solves a problem calmly and patiently.

Badan SAR nomintha'o lima to'u nda moni'ito wana'o nolomoto o dutuna
The SAR agency gave up on searching for children who had drifted in the river The structure of these compound words is composed of verbs and nouns.For example, in the compound word mogamito ginawa 'coax', the verb is mogamito 'take' and the noun is ginawa 'heart'.Both produce a new meaning, which is someone who coaxes other people to be loved or makes someone happy to be loved'.
The examples provided in the passage illustrate the usage of attributive subordinative compound words in the Suwawa language.These compound words are formed by combining adjectives (predicates) with nouns to create new meanings.The adjectives serve as the main components, providing descriptive attributes to the nouns.The order of the components is significant, as it determines the semantic relationship and resulting meaning of the compound word.
By using attributive subordinative compound words, the Suwawa language enables speakers to express nuanced descriptions and relationships between different elements.The compounds allow for precise communication by combining adjectives and nouns to create specific meanings based on the semantic relationship between the components.
Overall, attributive subordinative compound words in the Suwawa language enhance the language's expressive capacity and provide a rich vocabulary for describing various attributes, states.

Type C: Coordinative compound words
Coordinative compound words or type C consist of five subtypes: C2 'a and b complement each other', C3 'a is in opposition to b', C4 'a is male, b is female', C5 'a is older than b', C6 'b is the result of a', and C7 'a then b'.
The following are some examples of coordinating compound words or type C in the Suwawa language from interviews with traditional stakeholders and several community members as informants.The compound word amani mowumbungo 'safe and prosperous' comes from the lexemes amani 'safe' and mowumbungo 'prosperous', a combination of complementary components that produce the meaning of a state of being safe and prosperous.
In addition to these data, coordinative compound words were also found in the tujai text of the traditional wedding procession as follows.It is clear that the first lexeme in the compound words titato tigawa 'up and down' and mohayu moyimbido 'far or near' are in opposition to the second lexeme.These two compound words have in common that the positions of the two lexemes cannot be interchanged since they are not commonly used in everyday conversation.

Compound Words
Examples in sentences Nogupao tinumeteo

Wayi-yayi nateya doyi nate tau pinowali tanogupa'o tinumeteo
My sister died in a hitand-run accident In the example, the compound word nogupao tinumeteo 'hit and run' consists of nugupao 'hit' and tinumeteo 'run' which the combination of the two means someone who hits another person with a vehicle and then runs away.
The examples provided above illustrate the usage of coordinative compound words in the Suwawa language.These compound words are formed by combining two lexemes that convey a specific relationship or attribute.The order of the components is typically fixed and cannot be interchanged without altering the meaning.
Coordinative compound words allow speakers to express various concepts and relationships succinctly.They provide a concise and efficient way of conveying specific meanings by combining two ©2023 The Author(s).Published by TRANSBAHASA components that work together or represent contrasting aspects.These compound words enrich the vocabulary of the Suwawa language and facilitate precise communication.
It is worth noting that the examples also include compound words found in a traditional wedding procession text.These compound words further demonstrate the usage of coordinative compounds in cultural and ceremonial contexts, emphasizing characteristics, greetings, and prayers associated with the event.
Overall, coordinative compound words in the Suwawa language contribute to the language's expressive capacity by enabling speakers to convey complex relationships, oppositions, attributes, and outcomes in a concise manner.Chaer (2015), argues that semantically, the wider the word composition, the narrower the meaning.Chaer then distinguishes the meaning of compound words into noun, verb, and adjectives compound words.

The Meaning of Compound Words in Suwawa Language
In the Suwawa language, the three meanings of these compound words are also found, which can be described as follows.Chaer (2015), states that compound noun words are compositions in the noun category clause units.Noun compound words in the Suwawa language from interviews with traditional stakeholders and several communities as informants can be described as follows.Chaer (2015), states that compound noun words are compositions in the noun category clause units.Compound nouns in the Suwawa language from interviews with traditional stakeholders and several communities as informants can be described as follows.

Maheta pialatula 'chili onion'
These compound words are ordinary combinations that contain grammatical meanings, which can be inserted the word 'and' between the two.In these compound words, the second word is a member of one semantic field.The compound word maheta pialatula, the word maheta means 'chili' and pialatula means 'onion'.The combination of the two elements of maheta pialatula implies members of a semantic field 'spice ingredients' which can be inserted the word 'and' to become 'chili and onion'.

Bagunia notawunu 'beginning of the year'
These compound words below have a grammatical meaning 'part of', so that the word dari 'of' can be inserted between the two elements.
Tunggilia dala 'end of the road' Tobuta'a gubinia 'midnight' The grammatical meaning will be formed if the first element has the semantic property of 'part of' from the second element and the second element has the semantic property of 'whole' which includes the first element.For example, in the compound word bagunia notawunu, the word bagunia means 'beginning', and the word notawunu means 'year'.The combination of the twoword elements implies the beginning of the year is part of the beginning of the new year, so it is commonly referred to as the beginning of the year.

Meja ayu 'wooden table'
Lamari wate 'strongbox' These compound words have the grammatical meaning of 'material', so they can be inserted with the word dari 'of'.The second word is the material for making the first word.For example, in the compound meja ayu, the first word means 'table', and the second means 'wood'.The combination of the two implies that the table is made of wood.©2023 The Author(s).Published by TRANSBAHASA

Nominal Composition with Idiomatic Meaning
Compound words in Suwawa language with idiomatic meanings can be described as follows.

Betedo moyito
The compound word betedo moyito 'scapegoat' has a full idiomatic meaning because it refers to a person who is blamed in a case.Betedo moyito has a full idiomatic meaning because it has unpredictable lexical and grammatical meanings.Here is an example in a sentence.
Ti Rania nowali betedo mowito tou pateya tiyama wagu tina nota means Rania is the scapegoat in the quarrel between her father and mother.

Udepengo tudunia
The compound word udeoeengo tudunia, which literally means 'land crocodile' has a full idiomatic meaning because it refers to a playboy.The word has a full idiomatic meaning because its lexical and grammatical meanings cannot be predicted.Here is an example sentence.
Lolai bituwa da podaita nomomata donea udepengo tudunia o kambungu nami Means that boy is a playboy in our village.Chaer (2015), argues that there is a nominal composition formed from adverbs and nouns.The lexical meaning of the adverb determines the meaning of this composition.
The following is the noun composition of adverbs in Suwawa language.

Mohuda'a talugo 'lots of water'
If the compound word is translated word by word, the first word mohuda'a means 'a lot' and the second means 'water', so mohuda'a talugo has the meaning of nominal composition with adverbs that express quantity.

Ja'o doi 'no money'
If ja'o doi is translated word by word, the word ja'o means 'nothing' and the word doi means 'money', so ja'o doi has the meaning of nominal composition with adverbs that express negation.

I'ilangi wati 'less salt'
If the compound word i'ilangi wati is translated word by word, the word i'ilangi means 'less' and the word wati means 'salt', so i'ilangi wati has the meaning of nominal composition with an adverb that expresses the amount.Chaer (2015,) defines verbal composition as a composition that is categorized as verbal in a unit clause.The verbal composition in Suwawa language from interviews with traditional stakeholders and several community members (informants) is described as follows.

Verbal Composition with Grammatical Meaning
Verbal compositions with grammatical meanings can be described as follows.

Momonggaho mopowuli 'overhaul'
This compound word has a grammatical meaning, 'combination of opposites', so the word atau 'or' can be inserted.The grammatical meaning can be obtained in these compound words if the two elements are antonymous pairs.For example, in momonggaho mopowuli, momonggaho means 'disassemble' and mopowuli means 'install'.The combination of the two words means 'overhaul'.

Monga minggawa 'lunch'
The grammatical meaning of the composition can be obtained if the first word has the semantic property 'activity' and the second has the semantic property 'when'.For example, in monga minggawa, the first word means 'eat', and the second means ©2023 The Author(s).Published by TRANSBAHASA 'afternoon'.The combination of the two means having lunch or eating at noon.Chaer (2015), explains that verbal composition has idiomatic meaning, the meaning is lexical and grammatically unpredictable.Verbal compound words with idiomatic meanings in Suwawa language can be described as follows.

Moni'ito tumago
The compound word moni'ito tumago 'kowtow' has an idiomatic meaning because it means an obsequious person who tries to win the favor of someone.The compound word has an idiomatic meaning because its meaning is lexical and grammatically unpredictable.Chaer (2015), explains that as elements that occupy the predicate function in a clause, verbs are often accompanied by one or more adverbs.The following is a verbal composition with adverbs in Suwawa language.

Jano ngawa 'do not eat'
The compound word jano ngawa 'do not eat' is composed verbally with adverbs, where jano means 'no' and ngawa means 'to eat', which combined means 'do not eat'.The word jano 'no' in the first word proves that the word is a negation adverb.

Adjective Composition
According to Chaer (2015), the adjective composition is the composition of adjective words in clause units.The composition of the adjectives in Suwawa language from interviews with traditional stakeholders and several members of the community (informants) can be described as follows.

Adjective Composition with Grammatical Meaning
Adjective composition with grammatical meanings is described as follows.

Mopore bugani 'dashing and brave'
The compound word mopore bugani is an ordinary combination that can be inserted into the word dan 'and'.The grammatical meaning can be obtained if it comprises words with the same semantic properties as synonymous pairs.For example, in mopore bugani, the combination of the synonymous words mopore 'dashing' and bugani 'brave' gives rise to the meaning 'dashing and brave'.Chaer (2015), describes that the meaning of adjective composition with idiomatic meanings is lexically and grammatically unpredictable.The adjective composition with idiomatic meanings in Suwawa language can be described as follows.

Motawa ginawa 'arrogant'
The compound word motawa ginawa which literally means 'high-hearted' has an idiomatic meaning of 'someone who is arrogant'.The compound word has an idiomatic meaning because its meaning is lexical and grammatically unpredictable.Chaer (2015), argues that there are only two kinds of adverbs that accompany adjectives to form adjective compositions: (a) negation adverbs such as tidak 'no', (b) degree adverbs, such as agak 'rather', sama 'the same', lebih 'more', kurang 'less', sangat 'very', and sekali 'too'.The following is a description in Suwawa language.

Jamo piya 'not good'
If the compound word jamo piya 'not good' is translated per word, jamo means 'no', and piya means 'good'.Thus, jamo piya carries the adjective composition meaning with adverbs expressing negation.
Da'mo tawa 'rather high' ©2023 The Author(s).Published by TRANSBAHASA If da'mo tawa 'rather high' is translated per word, da'mo means 'rather' and tawa means 'high'.Thus, da'mo tawa represents an adjective composition with an adverb that expresses degree.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results and discussion, the researcher draws the following conclusions.
(1) Compound word forms in the Suwawa language are identical to those in Indonesian.In Indonesian, as stated by Kridalaksana (2009), there are five forms of compound words.They are substantive subordinative compounds (type A) consisting of 19 subtypes, attributive subordinate compounds (type B) consisting of 16 subtypes, coordinative compounds (type C) consisting of 7 subtypes, polysemous compounds (type D), and synthetic compounds (type E).Three of these compound words are found in the Suwawa language.They are substantive subordinative compounds which consist of 11 subtypes, attributive subordinate compounds, which include 12 subtypes, and coordinative compounds, which have 5 subtypes.This parallelism in compound word forms suggests a shared structural pattern between the two languages.(2) The meanings of compound words in the Suwawa language align with those in Indonesian, as posited by Chaer.The Suwawa language encompasses three types of compound word meanings: noun compounds, verbal compounds, and adjectives with grammatical, idiomatic, and adverbial meanings, respectively.This correspondence in meaning types further supports the notion of linguistic similarities between the Suwawa language and Indonesian.
These findings highlight the importance of compound word formation as a linguistic phenomenon in the Suwawa language.By understanding the structures and meanings of compound words, speakers of the Suwawa language can effectively express complex concepts and relationships in a concise manner.Additionally, the resemblances between the compound word forms and meanings in the Suwawa language and Indonesian suggest potential linguistic influences or shared linguistic features between the two languages.
Further research in this field could explore the remaining two types of compound words identified in Indonesian (polysemous compounds and synthetic compounds) to determine their presence and characteristics in the Suwawa language.Additionally, comparative studies with other languages in the region could shed light on the broader linguistic patterns and relationships in the region.
Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of compound word formation in the Suwawa language, enriching the knowledge of the language's lexicon and providing insights into its linguistic structure.

Table 2 .
Substantive subordinative compound words Likewise, Ano binauto comes from the basic words ano 'rice' and binauto 'wrap', where the first lexeme is the target of the second lexeme's action.©2023 The Author(s).Published by TRANSBAHASA

Table 4 .
Attributive subordinative compound Mopiya 'kind' is a predicate ©2023 The Author(s).Published by TRANSBAHASA for and explains a noun lexeme hale 'heart', resulting in a new meaning: someone who has good behavior or is virtuous.